Human and Intellectual Capital Spending Efficiency and Efficacy: Evidence from U.S. Universities.
Armstrong, C. S., Jagolinzer, A. D., Kr枚chert, S., & Pawliczek, A. (2026). Human and Intellectual Capital Spending Efficiency and Efficacy: Evidence from U.S. Universities. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting,听53(2), 970鈥997.
We analyze the efficiency and efficacy of human and intellectual capital investment to better understand the effects of social investment. Existing literature in the corporate setting lacks analysis on the impact of human and intellectual capital investment, likely due to data scarcity. We use universities as our research setting because they regularly report standardized data, have similarities with for鈥恜rofit corporations in terms of size and oversight, and directly support corporate ESG initiatives related to workforce diversity. We find that (1) private donations and government grants increase in human and intellectual capital spending efficiency, (2) graduation rates of underrepresented students are higher at universities with more efficient spending for the lower quantiles of the graduation rate distribution, and (3) post鈥恎raduate income is higher for students from the lower parental income quintiles at universities with higher spending efficiency. Collectively, our evidence suggests that more efficient investment in human and intellectual capital can generate improvements in core ESG outcomes.
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